Thailand ndiye maziko opangira magalimoto ofunikira padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuwonekera chifukwa chakuti magalimoto a Thailand pachaka amafika pamagalimoto 1.9 miliyoni, apamwamba kwambiri ku ASEAN; Chofunika kwambiri, mu 2022, mtengo wonse wamakampani ogulitsa magalimoto ku Thailand unafika 1.31 thililiyoni baht, kuwonjezeka kwa 8.2%, kuwerengera pafupifupi 12.3% ya GDP; mtengo wogulitsa kunja kwa zigawo ndi wapamwamba kwambiri ku ASEAN ndipo uli pa nambala 14 padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mtengo wamtengo wapatali wamatayala agalimoto wafika pachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi. Titha kunena kuti makampani opanga zida zamagalimoto alimbikitsa Thailand kukhala malo amakono opanga magalimoto.

zofunika mkhalidwe

Kuyambira 1963, boma la Thailand lakhala likulimbikitsa chitukuko chamakampani opanga zida zamagalimoto. Poyambirira, madipatimenti aboma la Thailand adayang'ana kwambiri pakukhazikitsa njira zothandizira ndalama popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagalimoto apanyumba, makamaka kukwera kwamitengo yamagalimoto athunthu (Complete Built-Up: CBU) ndi kugwetsa pansi (Complete Knock-Down: CKD). Pambuyo pake, Board of Investment (BOI) idapereka njira monga kusalipira msonkho wamakampani komanso kusalipira msonkho wa makina olowetsa makina kuti akope osunga ndalama akunja kuti akhazikitse maziko opangira zinthu ku Thailand.

Kuphatikiza apo, boma la Thailand lidatsimikizanso kuchuluka kwa magawo amagalimoto omwe amapangidwa komweko omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalimoto (zofunikira zakomweko: LCR). Chofunikirachi chathetsedwa, koma gawo la magawo omwe amapangidwa kwanuko pamtengo wathunthu wamagalimoto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalimoto onyamula anthu aku Thailand akadali okwera mpaka 60-80%; magalimoto okonda zachilengedwe ndi magalimoto onyamula amafika 90%, ndipo njinga zamoto zimagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi magawo onse opangidwa komweko. Pakadali pano, mapangano aulere a Thailand ndi mayiko ena monga ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), Thailand-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (JTEPA), ndi Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA) apangitsa kutsika kwa CBU ndi CKD imalowetsa kunja ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali.

Ogulitsa ku Thailand ndi akunja akupitilizabe kugulitsa magawo agalimoto ku Thailand. Makampani ofunikira akomweko ndi mabizinesi ogwirizana ku Thailand akuphatikizapo Thai Summit Auto Parts Co., Ltd., Sammitr Auto Parts Co., Ltd., Somboon Advance Technology Plc., Thai Auto Pressparts Co., Ltd., ndi ena. Ogulitsa zida zamagalimoto odziwika padziko lonse lapansi omwe akhazikitsa maziko opanga ku Thailand akuphatikizapo Bosch, Denso, Magna, Continental, ZF, ndi Aisin Seiki. Zina mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:

1) Gulu la magawo a Rubber:

Kudalira zoweta zapakhomo zopangira mphira zachilengedwe ku Thailand, monga ma hose, malamba, nthiti za fiberglass, matayala agalimoto ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimafuna ukadaulo wapamwamba wopanga;

2) Powertrain ndi mbali injini:

Pakati pawo, njira zogulitsira ndizovuta ndipo mtengo wake umaposa 1/3 ya mtengo wopangira magalimoto oyaka mkati mwa injini (ICE). Ndilonso gulu lomwe boma la Thailand limalimbikitsa kupanga muzinthu zonse zothandizira, monga ma radiator, mapaipi otulutsa mpweya, makina opangira mafuta, akasinja amafuta, makina oyaka moto, magiya, ndi zina zotero;

3) Magalimoto amagetsi:

Boma la Thailand limalimbikitsa ndalama zamagalimoto amagetsi mumtundu wa phukusi, kotero opanga ma automaker pang'onopang'ono amafunsira ndalama kuti alimbikitse kupanga magalimoto amagetsi ndi magawo ku Thailand. Mabatire, makamaka, amawerengera mpaka 30% ya mtengo wamagalimoto amagetsi.

Zogulitsa ndi zotumiza kunja

Makampani opanga magalimoto ku Thailand makamaka amadalira msika wake wapakhomo, ndipo malonda amawerengera 60-70%, amagawidwa m'magulu agalimoto (opanga zida zoyambira OEM) ndikusintha zida zamagalimoto (opanga zida zosinthira REM).

OEM: 30-40% ya mtengo wonse wotuluka pamsika wa magawo aku Thailand

Kukula ndi kukula kwa kupanga magalimoto, opitilira 80% omwe amapangidwa ku Thailand, ndipo ena onse amafunikira zida zaukadaulo zapamwamba kuchokera kwa makolo kapena ogulitsa makampani akunja, monga zida zamagetsi (chips microcontroller: MCU) zowongolera magalimoto. machitidwe otumizidwa kuchokera ku Japan, ndi zida za injini zoyatsira mkati ndi zida zamagalimoto amagetsi zotumizidwa kuchokera ku China.

REM: 60-70% yamtengo wonse wamsika wamsika waku Thailand

Msika wa REM umakula mbali imodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto olembetsedwa, kutengera nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kufunikira kwa zida zosinthira (zigawo zosinthira). REM ili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogawa, kuphatikiza malo ogulitsa / ogulitsa magalimoto, magawo agalimoto ogulitsa ndi malo ogulitsira, ndi malo ogulitsa wamba. Pankhani ya mtengo wa magawo omwe atumizidwa kunja, REM imapanga 10-20% ya mtengo wonse wa magawo omwe atumizidwa kunja, omwe ambiri amatumizidwa kuchokera ku Japan (kuwerengera 43% ya magawo onse a REM), komanso China (17). %) ndi United States (8%).

Magawo omwe amatumizidwa kunja amatenga 30-40% ya ndalama zonse zomwe makampani opanga magawo amapeza, pomwe magawo a OEM amakhala 80-85% yazinthu zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja ndi REM ndi 15-20%. Magawo akuluakulu omwe amatumizidwa ndi Thailand ndi injini, ma waya, matupi, magalasi, magiya, matayala ndi zida za rabara.

Thailand imadziwika kuti ndi dziko lopikisana kwambiri pankhani zamagalimoto padziko lonse lapansi. Imagwiritsa ntchito maunyolo othandizira kuti akwaniritse chuma chambiri komanso mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimapangidwa zimazindikiridwa ndi opanga magalimoto. Kuphatikiza apo, Thailand ilinso ndi mwayi wopangira magawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2021, zida zotumizidwa ku Thailand (mitundu yonse) zinali zapamwamba kwambiri ku ASEAN ndipo zidakhala 14 padziko lonse lapansi. Zigawo zazikulu zotumizidwa kunja zinali matayala agalimoto (wachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi), mbali zina za njinga zamoto (kupatulapo injini ndi matayala agalimoto) (omwe ali paudindo wa 3), injini (paudindo wa 13) ndi zida zina zamagalimoto (kupatulapo injini ndi matayala) (mpaka 15). Zambiri zamagalimoto aku Thailand zimatumizidwa kumadera opanga magalimoto a ASEAN, omwe ndi Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam ndi Philippines, zomwe zonse zimatengera 22% yazinthu zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja, ndikutsatiridwa ndi United States (22%) ndi Japan (9% ).